Что показывает первый скрининг: Первый скрининг при беременности: что показывает, когда делают – на каком сроке, каковы нормы и показатели УЗИ и анализов крови?

Скрининг 1 триместра. Первый скрининг. Как рассчитываются риски

Беременность — незабываемый период в жизни женщины, полный ожиданий и надежд. Будущая мама могла бы быть абсолютно счастлива, если бы была на все 100% уверена в том, что там, внутри, здоровью будущего малыша ничего не угрожает.

Современная медицина располагает множеством способов контроля над развитием эмбриона и плода. В первом и втором триместре беременным обязательно назначаются тесты, результаты которых могут выявить нарушения нормального течения беременности.

Зачем нужен скрининг в первом триместре

Первый скрининг иначе называется «двойной тест», потому что исследуется кровь беременной женщины на предмет содержания двух веществ: гормона ХГЧ и протеина PAPP-A. Первый скрининг рекомендуется делать на сроках 11–13 недель.

Гормон ХГЧ (хорионический гонадотропин человека) присутствует в крови всех женщин, но с наступлением беременности уровень этого гормона начинает повышаться и становится постоянным лишь тогда, когда созревает плацента. По содержанию этого гормона на раннем сроке можно определить, есть ли какие-либо отклонения в развитии плода. Гормон ХГЧ имеет две составляющие: альфа и бета. Анализ уровня бета-ХГЧ считается наиболее точным в оценке развития ребёнка.

Протеин PAPP-A представляет собой сложный белок, который вырабатывается в организме беременной женщины. Чем больше срок, тем выше содержание этого вещества в крови. Уровень содержания PAPP-A позволяет определить, есть ли угроза развития синдромов Дауна или Эдвардса у плода.

Как рассчитываются риски на первых неделях беременности:

Согласно нормам содержания ХГЧ у беременных, на сроке 11–12 недель содержание ХГЧ должно укладываться в рамки 20 000 — 90 000 мЕд/мл; на сроке 13–14 недель границы 15 000 — 60 000 мЕд/мл. Если анализ показал, что уровень бета-ХГЧ ниже нормы, причины могут быть следующие:

— внематочная беременность,

— неверно поставленный срок беременности,

— хроническая плацентарная недостаточность,

— задержка или остановка развития плода,

— угроза самопроизвольного аборта.

Повышенное содержание бета-ХГЧ может наблюдаться при следующих состояниях:

— многоплодная беременность,

— ранний и поздний токсикоз,

— сахарный диабет у беременной,

— хромосомные аномалии у плода.

В любом случае, результаты скрининга 1 триместра нельзя оценивать как 100% вероятность каких-либо отклонений. Результаты тестов могут указывать лишь на вероятность наличия нарушений в развитии плода. Именно поэтому такие тесты называются скрининговыми, а не диагностическими — они часто дают положительные результаты, которые не подтверждаются при дальнейшем исследовании. Чтобы диагноз подтвердился, доктора назначают дополнительные анализы (УЗИ, допплерометрия, биопсия хориона, консультация генетика, анализ крови на другие гормоны и пр.) Лишь при совокупности нескольких положительных результатов, а так же учёта таких факторов, как возраст беременной, национальность, наличие вредных привычек, перенесённые инфекции и др., можно делать окончательные выводы.

90000 What Is A Screening Interview? 90001 90002 90003 15 March 2016 90004 | Tags: interviews 90005 90002 90007 90005 90009 What is a screening interview? 90010 90002 A screening interview is a phone call or in-person meeting organized by a recruiter to evaluate a job candidate’s qualifications. It is typically the first interview in the hiring process. 90005 90002 During a screening interview, the recruiter might: 90005 90015 90016 Provide a brief description of the company and the open role 90017 90016 Ask questions to determine if the candidate meets the requirements outlined in the job description 90017 90016 Ask questions to establish if the opening matches what the candidate is looking for in a job 90017 90016 Ask the candidate if they are still interested in pursuing the role 90017 90016 Answer the candidate’s questions about the role, company, and hiring process 90017 90026 90002 After the screening interview, the recruiter shares the candidate’s qualifications with the hiring manager.Based on the recruiter’s recommendations, the hiring manager decides if the candidate should move forward to the next stage in the interview process. The recruiter then either contacts selected candidates to schedule the next interview or – if they are following candidate experience best practices – inform declined candidates that they are not moving forward. 90005 90009 What questions are asked during a screening interview? 90010 90002 Common questions the recruiter asks the candidate include: 90005 90015 90016 What are you looking for in a job? 90017 90016 What attracts you to this organization? 90017 90016 What management style suits you best? 90017 90016 What type of company culture do you thrive in? 90017 90016 What range of compensation are you looking for? 90017 90016 Can you commute, or relocate if necessary? 90017 90016 Would you need assistance arranging a work permit or visa? 90017 90016 If selected for the role, when would you be able to start working? 90017 90026 90002 90052 Read more Recruiting 101 90053 90054 90005 90009 Hi.We’re Recruiting Social. 90010 90002 We help companies like yours attract and recruit talented people. 90005 90002 Why choose us 90005 90062 Make sure you did not miss 90063 .90000 STD Screening: The Basics | One Medical 90001 STD Screening: The Basics | One Medical Think you have COVID-19? We’re testing.Learn more Opens in a new window. 90002 Here to keep you healthy.And informed. 90003 90002 Get 24/7 care over video chat from the comfort of home or wherever you go. Join today and experience primary care designed for real life, in-office and in-app. 90003 90002 90007 Updated November 20, 2018.90008 90003 90002 STD screening may not be dinner table talk, but if it came up, would you know how to handle it? Everyone who is sexually active should be screened for STDs at some point – but which tests, and when, depend on your personal risk factors. Sometimes testing is not necessary. But if it is recommended, and you do get diagnosed, there is some good news: Most STDs are curable, and all of them are treatable. 90003 90002 90013 What’s the Difference Between STDs and STIs? 90014 90003 90002 STDs are sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STIs).Many providers use this term since there’s less stigma attached to the word infection. It’s possible to have an infection without symptoms, and the infection may cause disease (when you do experience symptoms) in the future. In the absence of symptoms, the only way to diagnose an STI is to screen for it. 90003 90002 90013 What Are the Most Common STDs? 90014 90003 90022 90023 90024 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): 90025 The most common STI in the U.S., this virus causes genital warts, although the lesions do not appear in everyone who has HPV. It’s highly contagious and easily transmitted sexually or even by skin-to-skin contact. When genital warts are present, we can usually make a diagnosis from inspection, but additional testing is sometimes useful, and can include biopsy or colposcopy in women. 90026 90023 90024 Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: 90025 These infections are very common and are often grouped together because they’re screened for at the same time.The infection can be missed, particularly in women because the bacteria that cause them does not always create symptoms. Infections are caused by oral, anal, or genital contact with someone else who has an infection. 90026 90023 90024 Syphilis: 90025 Syphilis is a bacterial infection passed from one person to another by oral, anal, or genital contact with infectious but painless sores that are present during the initial stages of the infection. 90026 90023 90024 Herpes: 90025 There are two strains of the herpes virus: type 1 and type 2.Type 1 has traditionally been associated with oral herpes (cold sores) and type 2 with genital herpes, but recent research has shown that most genital infections are also caused by type 1. A person may have either strain of the virus but never show any symptoms , or may have an “outbreak” with painful sores near his or her mouth, genitals, or anus. Herpes is most commonly transmitted via contact with infectious sores, but in some cases can be transmitted when the infected person has no symptoms at all.Because a person can be contagious even though no lesions are present, taking precautions only when there are visible lesions may not prevent spread of the infection to the partner. 90026 90023 90024 HIV: 90025 This viral infection is transmitted via blood (e.g, in intravenous drug abusers who share needles with infected persons) or sexually, by having unprotected anal or vaginal sex. Very rarely, it can be transmitted by contact with other body fluids. 90026 90023 90024 Hepatitis C: 90025 Hepatitis C is a viral infection that is transmitted most commonly through contact with blood or through skin exposure (e.g., sharing needles or coming into contact with an open wound or sore). Very uncommonly, hepatitis C can be contracted by having sex with someone who has hepatitis C; the risk is about 1 transmission per 190,000 sexual occurrences. This infection can cause chronic liver disease and liver cancer. 90026 90023 90024 Hepatitis B: 90025 Hepatitis B is also a viral infection, transmitted by blood or semen, that can cause liver disease. 90026 90051 90002 90013 What is STD Screening, Exactly? 90014 90003 90002 Getting a screening test means that we look for an infection when you may not have any symptoms.Just like you get a mammogram, or screen for colon cancer, it’s also important to screen for sexually transmitted infections (depending on your risk). There are no exact recommended times or tests that we recommend for everyone. These testing recommendations depend on your lifestyle and risk level. 90003 90002 90013 Why Is It Important to Get Tested for STDs? 90014 90003 90002 Most importantly, get tested to protect yourself, your partner (s), and to stay informed.Getting a diagnosis can alert you to an infection you may not know you had (e.g. many people hepatitis C, probably about 1 million in the U.S., have no idea they have been infected), or that may have long-term effects like infertility. It can also allow you to start treatment if you do have an infection, and create peace of mind when you think you may have been at risk. 90003 90002 90013 What Types of Tests Are Out There? 90014 90003 90002 There are plenty of tests that make staying informed accessible, but there’s no single test for every STD.Most tests require a urine or blood sample, or a swab of the area where the infection might be present. If you have a sore and we want to pinpoint the cause, a swab can additionally identify whether a specific virus or bacteria is present. There are also “rapid” HIV tests you can buy for home use; results are available in about 20 minutes. 90003 90002 90013 What Should I Be Tested for and When? 90014 90003 90002 People often say, “Just test for everything.”While that might seem to make sense initially, it’s important to talk to your health care provider about your specific risk factors and lifestyle. There are a few downsides to testing for everything that are important to consider. First of all, tests are expensive, and in a few cases, such as blood testing for herpes, a positive test can be a false positive. False positives may result in unnecessary anxiety when there may be virtually no risk of transmission and no required treatment. 90003 90002 Here are some instances that would prompt a screening test: 90003 90022 90023 90024 You’re sexually active.90025 Everyone who is sexually active (even if you’ve only ever had one partner and always use protection) should be screened at some point. We recommend an HIV test for everyone who is sexually active. We also suggest women obtain a test for gonorrhea and chlamydia, because, unlike men, they frequently harbor these infections without developing symptoms. Keep in mind that if you’re practicing safe sex and are in a monogamous relationship, you can get tested less frequently. 90026 90023 90024 You’re having unprotected sex.90025 If you’ve had or want to start having sex – vaginal, anal, or oral – with a new partner, without a condom, it’s a good idea to get tested. Here’s how long after exposure we can get a reliable test result: 90022 90023 2 weeks: gonorrhea and chlamydia (and a pregnancy test too!) 90026 90023 1 week to 3 months: syphilis 90026 90023 6 weeks to 3 months: HIV, hepatitis C and B 90026 90051 90026 90023 (You might be asking, “What about herpes?” We do not recommend screening for the herpes virus for most people unless you have an outbreak of sores.) 90026 90023 90024 You’re involved in riskier relationships. 90025 If your partner has a chronic or long-term infection, such as HIV or hepatitis C or B, it’s important to be tested more frequently. If you’re in an open relationship, or you are not sure that your partner is monogamous, those are also reasons to be screened regularly. Generally, that means about every 6 months or more depending on your personal situation. 90026 90023 90024 You engage in high-risk sexual behavior. 90025 High-risk behavior includes intimate contact with a sex worker, IV drug user, men who have sex with men, and having multiple partners, or anonymous partners.In these cases, you’re at higher risk for coming into contact with HIV and hepatitis C, along with syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia and should get tested after contact (remember, that includes oral and anal sex, too!) 90026 90023 90024 You’ve had an infection in the past. 90025 You may be more likely to have in infection again, so it’s a good idea to be screened, about 3 months after you’ve been treated, if you are sexually active. 90026 90023 90024 You’re a baby boomer 90025. Because many baby boomers (people born between тисячі дев’ятсот сорок п’ять and 1965) may have contracted hepatitis C before we even knew the virus existed and could test for it, and because they may have no symptoms of infection, we recommend all baby boomers be tested once for hepatitis C.90026 90023 90024 You have symptoms. 90025 This is a good time to have a discussion with your health care provider. Your symptoms and history will allow you to make the best choice about the most informative tests to look for possible causes of your symptoms. 90026 90051 90002 Still have questions? Make an appointment to talk to your PCP today in our judgment-free office. 90003 90002 Here to keep you healthy.And informed. 90003 90002 Get 24/7 care over video chat from the comfort of home or wherever you go. Join today and experience primary care designed for real life, in-office and in-app. 90003 90002 The One Medical blog is published by One Medical, an innovative primary care practice with offices in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Phoenix, Portland, the San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, and Washington, DC.90003 90002 Any general advice posted on our blog, website, or app is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace or substitute for any medical or other advice. The One Medical Group entities and 1Life Healthcare, Inc. make no representations or warranties and expressly disclaim any and all liability concerning any treatment, action by, or effect on any person following the general information offered or provided within or through the blog, website, or app. If you have specific concerns or a situation arises in which you require medical advice, you should consult with an appropriately trained and qualified medical services provider.90003 .90000 10 Most Common Screening Interview Questions 90001 90002 Last updated on March 17th, 2020 at 9:57 am 90003 90002 90005 Screening interviews help the recruiting managers with 90006 the first selection of job applicants. 90007 Who will make the cut? Who will fail? 90003 90002 Conducted typically over the phone, or in a form of group interview, the interviewers try to get a 90006 good grasp of your personality 90007, and motivation-that is their primary goal at this stage. 90003 90002 90014 Do you really want the job? What are your communication skills? Do you meet the basic job requirements in terms of education and experience? What motivates you to apply for the job? 90015 90003 90002 They try to find the answers to these questions while talking to you.Recruiting managers will typically 90006 screen out more than fifty percent 90007 of all applicants during this stage of hiring process. 90003 90002 How to be the one who passes the screening interview, and progresses to the next round? 90003 90002 The answer is simple: 90006 you should prepare for the questions 90007, and you should demonstrate your motivation to work for them. Let’s analyze how you can do it … 90003 90002 * Feeling anxious? Check our simple guide on How to overcome interview nerves.90003 90002 90003 90031 Same questions every time 90032 90002 90034 Whether they interview you face to face, over the phone, on Skype, or even using a virtual machine (pre-recorded interview questions you’d answer online), 90006 you will deal with similar questions in every screening interview 90007. 90003 90002 Most of the questions (not all) are relatively simple, because our goal is to hear you talking. 90006 Every word you say, every gesture you make, tells something about you 90007.90041 90003 90002 The exact questions are not so important at this stage of recruiting process-and that’s why many companies will go with common interview questions. Your answers to these questions 90006 tell them enough about your personality and motivation 90007. They will keep the really tough questions for second, and final interview with you … 90003 90002 90003 90031 Common questions for screening interviews 90032 90051 90052 90006 Why did you apply for this job? 90007 Give them a clear reason, say what caught your eye on their job description.Show them that you did not apply just because you need any job, but becasue you really want the position they advertise. 90055 90052 90006 Can you tell us something about yourself 90007? Focus on things that are relevant for the employer-your experience, education, your present situation in terms of having a job, your hobbies and interests that relate to the position you try to get with them. 90055 90052 90006 What do you consider your biggest achievement so far? 90007 90006 90041 90007 90055 90052 90006 What are your strengths 90007? Try to pick something that matters for a job.This changes from one position to another, but it is good to show the employer that you are aware of your skills, and believe that you can do a great job at their company. 90055 90052 90006 What are your weaknesses 90007? You should pick a weakness that is not central for the job. And you should always emphasize that you work on improving your weaknesses, in your pursuit of perfection … 90055 90052 90006 How do you cope with stress? 90007 90055 90052 90006 Where do you see yourself in five years time? 90007 Again, a good answer depends on the job you apply for.In most cases it is good to connect your future with the company-saying you’d be happy to work for them in five years time. In some other cases it is better to focus on your personal goals. 90055 90052 90006 Tell us something about your past experience 90007. Tell them not only what you did, but also how your past roles prepared you for the job you try to get with them. Focus on achievements, and how you helped your past employers. Try to avoid negative remarks about your past colleagues. 90055 90052 90006 What motivates you in job? 90007 A good answer depends on the position you apply for.Nevertheless, you should not talk about money as your primary motivation. Show them that you see a meaningful purpose in your work, and will not lose your motivation quickly. 90006 90041 90007 90055 90052 90006 Why should we hire you? 90007 90055 90098 90002 90003 90002 Special tip 90014: 90015 Read 15 most common interview questions to see sample answers to all these questions. 90003 90002 90003 90031 90108 Things we observe in a screening interview 90032 90002 An experienced and skilled recruiting manager can observe a lot of things while listening to your interview answers: 90003 90051 90052 Your listening skills, whether you talk to the point, or answer a totally different question (this happens quite often).90055 90052 Whether you are introverted or extroverted (we can see it from the way you talk, the way you look at us, etc). 90055 90052 What matters for you the most in job and in life (your answers to simple questions about your education, experience and hobbies tell us a lot about the things that matter to you). 90055 90052 Whether you are a good fit for the position, considering your future colleagues, the working environment, and other things we know about, but you know nothing about them in the screening interview.90055 90052 Whether we can count with you in a long run (the way you talk about your past jobs and your career plans tells a lot about your loyalty and about other things that determine how long you’d stay with us). 90055 90052 Whether you are honest to yourself and to others. Are you humble, confident, over-confident? (Answers to the questions about your strengths and weaknesses indicate the picture you have about yourself) 90055 90052 … 90055 90098 90002 Special Tip no. 2: You can 90006 download the list of questions in a one page long PDF 90007, and practice your interview answers anytime later, even when offline: 90003 90132 90002 questions for screening interview, PDF 90003 90135 Conclusion and next steps 90136 90002 90006 90139 Screening interviews make sense 90007.They help the employers with the first selection of job candidates, they help them to understand 90006 whether it makes sense to invite you for the second interview 90007. 90003 90002 Online, over the phone, or face to face-the questions will be similar in every screening interview. 90003 90002 Think about the most common questions, and prepare a good answer. Do not forget to 90006 show enthusiasm and motivation 90007 while talking to the employer. 90003 90002 And if you are not sure what to do, or how to proceed, consider hiring an interview coach, or check our Interview Success Package.Thank you! 90003 90002 90003 90002 90006 May also interest you: 90007 90003 90002 Matthew has been working in international recruitment since 2008. He helps job seekers from all walks of life to pursue their career goals, and to prepare for their interviews. He is the founder of InterviewPenguin.com website. 90003 Latest posts by Matthew Chulaw (see all) 90002 90003 .90000 Screening Tests for Cancer – National Cancer Institute 90001 90002 Effective Cancer Screening Tests 90003 90004 Cancer screening tests aim to find cancer early, before it causes symptoms and when it may be easier to treat successfully. Effective screening tests are those that: 90005 90006 90007 Find cancer early 90008 90007 Reduce the chance that someone who is screened regularly will die from the cancer 90008 90007 Have more potential benefits than harms. (Possible harms of screening tests include bleeding or other physical damage, inaccurate test results, and overdiagnosis-the diagnosis of cancers that would not have caused problems and did not need treatment.) 90008 90013 90014 Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) 90015 90004 Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place. That’s because these tests can find abnormal colon growths (polyps) that can be removed before they become cancer. Expert groups generally recommend that people who are at average risk for colorectal cancer have screening with one of these tests at ages 50 through 75.For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ® Colorectal Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Low-dose helical computed tomography 90015 90004 This test to screen for lung cancer has been shown to reduce lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers ages 55 to 74. For more information, see the National Lung Screening Trial page and the PDQ® Lung Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Mammography 90015 90004 This method to screen for breast cancer has been shown to reduce deaths from the disease among women ages 40 to 74, especially those over age 50.For more information, see the Mammograms fact sheet and the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Pap test and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing 90015 90004 These tests, which can be used both alone and in combination, can lead to both early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. They prevent the disease because they allow abnormal cells to be found and treated before they become cancer. Testing is generally recommended to begin at age 21 and to end at age 65 in women who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.For more information, see the Pap and HPV Testing fact sheet and the PDQ® Cervical Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90002 Other Screening Tests 90003 90004 Screening tests that have not been shown to be effective may still be offered, especially to people who are known to be at increased risk of cancer. 90005 90014 Alpha-fetoprotein blood test 90015 90004 This test is sometimes used, along with ultrasound of the liver, to try to detect liver cancer early in people at high risk of the disease.For more information, see the PDQ® Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Breast MRI 90015 90004 This imaging test is often used for women who carry a harmful mutation in the 90041 BRCA1 90042 gene or the 90041 BRCA2 90042 gene; women with these mutations have a high risk of breast cancer, as well as increased risk for other cancers. For more information, see the BRCA Mutations: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing fact sheet and the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.90005 90014 CA-125 test 90015 90004 This blood test, which is often done together with a transvaginal ultrasound, may be used to try to detect ovarian cancer early, especially in women with an increased risk of the disease. Although this test can help to diagnose ovarian cancer in women who have symptoms and can be used to evaluate the recurrence of cancer in women previously diagnosed with the disease, it has not been shown to be an effective ovarian cancer screening test. For more information, see the PDQ® Ovarian Cancer Screening summary.90005 90014 Clinical breast exams and regular breast self-exams 90015 90004 Routine examination of the breasts by health care providers or by women themselves has not been shown to reduce deaths from breast cancer. However, if a woman or her health care provider notices a lump or other unusual change in the breast, it is important to get it checked out. For more information, see the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 PSA test 90015 90004 This blood test, which is often done along with a digital rectal exam, can detect prostate cancer at an early stage.However, expert groups no longer recommend routine PSA testing for most men because many prostate cancers detected with PSA testing are not deadly, and early detection and treatment of PSA-detected cancers has not been shown to reduce the chance of dying from prostate cancer. For more information, see the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test fact sheet and the PDQ® Prostate Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Skin exams 90015 90004 Doctors often recommend that people who are at risk for skin cancer examine their skin regularly or have a health care provider do so.Such exams have not been shown to decrease the risk of dying from skin cancer, and they may lead to overtreatment. However, people should be aware of changes in their skin, such as a new mole or a change to an existing mole, and report these to their doctor promptly. For more information, see the Common Moles, Dysplastic Nevi, and Risk of Melanoma fact sheet and the PDQ® Skin Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Transvaginal ultrasound 90015 90004 This imaging test, which can create pictures of a woman’s ovaries and uterus, is sometimes used in women who are at increased risk of ovarian cancer (because they carry a harmful 90041 BRCA1 90042 or 90041 BRCA2 90042 mutation) or of endometrial cancer (because they have a condition called Lynch syndrome).But it has not been shown to reduce deaths from either cancer. For more information, see the PDQ® Ovarian Cancer Screening summary and the PDQ® Endometrial Cancer Screening summary. 90005 90014 Virtual colonoscopy 90015 90004 This test allows the colon and rectum to be examined from outside the body. Although it has not been shown to reduce deaths from colorectal cancer and may reveal possible problems outside the colon that then need to be investigated further, this test may be recommended if it is the only colorectal cancer screening test a person finds acceptable.For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ® Colorectal Cancer Screening summary. 90005 .